C. S. Peirce Manuscripts

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in the universities; although there are some whose logical instincts have been too robust to be so easily debilitated.

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The Greek philosophers could not be persuaded that minute analysis was proper in physical science. Born Aegelian sensualists, they could not divest themselves of their belief that no worse way of getting at any comprehension of a flower by picking it to pieces, and so spoiling the flower. What was the result? Manifold have been the theories to account that have been successfully offered, considered, and rejected, to account for the non-success of the Greeks in physics. That the vast intellect of an Aristotle, so great in zoölogy, in the science of politics, in rhetoric, in the history of philosophy; so gigantic in ethics, logic, metaphysics, and psychology; should, in physics, have

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sunk into abject inferiority to the cranks of modern times, the refuters of Newton, the proposers of perpetual motions; has hitherto not been adequately explained. But what better account of the matter could one desire than that in physics the Hellenic element of Aristotle's nature, that Greek estheticism which forbade analysis and required that the phenomenon should be contemplated in its concreteness here governed him. that this was the cause is shown by the fact that all the other Greeks who shared the same prejudice were equally unsuccessful, while the few who did not share it, Hipparchus, Eratosthenes, Posidonius, Ptolemy, Archimedes, were eminently successful in the physical sciences. In zöology, Asclepial Aristotle, scion of a family whose every member, from the further prehistoric times, had been trained in medicine from childhood up, shared no Hellenic repugnance to dissection. Nor did that repugnance

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ever extend to the non-sensuous object with which Aristotle dealt in the sciences in which he most excelled.

In the northern Europe of the scholastic ages, the nullity of physics was due to a different cause, explicitly set forth by Roger Bacon. Logic and metaphysics were studied with a considerable degree of minuteness and accuracy; so that, in spite of a barbaric civilization and other unfavorable influences, sufficiently obvious, they reached an excellence which our own generation has not been able to appreciate.

Our physical science, whatever extravagant historicists may say, seems to have sprung up uncaused except by man's intelligence and nature's intelligibility, which never could before be operative because it was not studied minutely. But modern philosophy had no such divine birth. On the contrary, it pays the usual