MS 1343 (1902) - Of the Classification of the Sciences

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oleomargarine making, etc. Of these which leave something for the cook to do, there are sausagemaking, flouring, chocolate making, Fruitpreserving, Meatcanning, Fishcanning, Milk condensing, Packing, Slaughtering, Vinegar making. Of those sciences which teach how to obtain drink, there are (well-boring; but water is used for other purposes chiefly) (distilling) (recitfying?) making table waters, brewing. We certainly cannot exclude wine-making and wine tasting from this group. But wine making and viticulture are all one business and one science. Both viticulture and wine-making are different arts and different sciences in different countries. We must also include mushroom-growing. But when it comes to fruit-growing, agriculture, market-gardening, it can hardly be said that the principal concern of these sciences is to delight the palate. Agricultural science, at any rate, hardly takes that factor of its problem into consideration. It does not, therefore, belong to this group. The fruit-grower and the market-gardener do think

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of what people prefer to eat; but they only do so at isolated stages of their operations, which are for the most part governed by the same scientific principles as if their products were to be put to any other use. This cannot be said of the chocolate-maker or the oleomargarine-maker or the brewer. It is true of the distiller and the rectifier, though less decidedly than of the market-gardener and the fruitgrower. Other sciences to be included in this group are tobacco-curing, tobacco-manufacture, snuff-making, cigar-rolling, cigarette-making.

Among sciences intended to minister to the Grab-instinct, we are not, of course, to include economics; for this is merely the theory of wealth, and is not pursued with a view of making the investigator of it or his pupils rich. But we are to include book-keeping, rating, banking, patenting, insurance, safe making, lock-making, the construction of registers of cash and of carfares, fire-extinguishing, etc. There is an immense deal of knowledge which every business-man requires; but most of it is too pecu-

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liar to his personal situation to be included in our list of the sciences. Advertising with the making of posters, and indexing and directory-making may have business and money-making as their ultimate end; but advertizing is an art of impressing people and as such is directly under the dominance of the preach-instinct, while indexing is directly subservient to the peek-instinct.

The sciences directly ministrant to the House-instinct may be divided into those which relate to the construction of the house itself, those which are concerned with the furniture, and those which are concerned with the grounds around the house. The construction of the house depends on what it is to be built out of, whether it is to be a cave, a house of snow or ice, a submerged house, a tent, a house of wood, brick, and stone, a construction of iron and glass, like the crystal palace, or a modern sky-scraper. On a similar principle, ordinary

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houses of wood, brick, and stone are subdivisible into frame houses, balloon-frame houses, and houses supported by piers of stone or brick. Men do not, however, devote their lives to studying how to make caves, snow-houses, or submerged houses; nor is the construction of glass-houses very important, and the making of tents is a secondary branch of the sailmaker's art. Sky-scrapers and other enormous structures, such as cathedrals, are not constructed scientifically unless they are entrusted to civil engineers; and engineering is not a science principally ministrant to the House-instinct. We therefore restrict ourselves, after all, to the consideration of ordinary houses. Every properly built house rests, if possible, on foundations of stone and brick. Otherwise, it usually rests on piles. Neither masonry nor pile-driving are confined to house-buildings; and the fact that their work is to belong to a house makes no particular difference in regard to the science of doing it. Consequently, these sciences are to be relegated to Engineering. It is otherwise

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with Carpentry, which is principally a house building art, and is quite a different thing when applied to ship-building and other purposes. Other sciences called upon in building the house are those of Roofing and Slating, of Cornice-Making, Plastering, of Stair building, of Sash, blind, and door making, of parquetting, of chimney building, of mantel making. The subject of Builder's Hardware is also one to the study of which men devote their lives, and in which it is necessary to have the purposes of the house constantly in view. This is therefore a science directly ministrant to the house-instinct. Another such science is Plumbing. Simple bell-hanging (if it is not obsolete) is practised by the locksmith. But the makin gof Annunciators of various kinds is a somewhat serious study. So is that of making Elevators and mail-shutes. The furniture of the house may be divided into Movable Furniture and House Decoration. The common modes of decoration are by painting and Paperhanging. But painting is not peculiar to houses, though it is a somewhat peculiar art as applied to houses.