MS 1343 (1902) - Of the Classification of the Sciences

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If the objection does not extend to the distinctions based on modes of life and capacities for following these modes, but on ly to distinctions based on modes of feeling and consciousness in general, it fails to touch the classification here proposed, which is exclusively of the former character.

Coming to particulars, such defence as can fairly be made of the classification of the instincts depends in large part upon the manner in which it was made. The author first drew up a list of instinct[s], guided by general observation of life, without the smallest thought of any intermediate grouping. This list, which was nearly identical with the above, was as follows:

The Food-Instinct = the new Gust-instinct, but restricted to food and drink.

The Health Instinct = the new Gambol-instinct, but restricted to health and cleanliness.

The Clothes-Instinct = the new Garb-instinct, but limited to clothing and personal adornment.

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The House-Instinct = the new Gentleman-Instinct, but restricted to house and fireside.

The Collecting Instinct = the new Gettings Instinct.

The Play-Instinct, approximately coextensive with the present Graphic Instinct plus part of the Gambol-instinct and of Gust instinct. It was defined as "delight in strong sensations, shiny things, loud sounds, perfumes, excitement of all kinds, exercise, love of beauty, and fine arts.

The Invitation Instinct = a part of [the] new Grouping-Instinct.

The Conversation-Instinct, made up of parts of the present Graphic instinct and Gnostic instinct. It was defined as "the love of expressing our feelings, passions, and thoughts, and of entering into, or interpreting, the feelings, passions, and thoughts of others.

The War Instinct = present Gore Instinct.

The Magic Instinct = present Ghost Instinct.

The Progeny Instinct = present Gamic Instinct.

The Morals Instinct = present Govern Instinct.

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No sooner had this list been drawn up than it was remarked that the Health Instinct and the Imitation Instinct must be broadened in scope and were of a more general character than most of the instincts. It was then noticed that by their general affinities the twelve instincts fell into three groups, as follows:

Health	Progeny	Imitation
Food	Morals	Play
House	Magic	Conversation
Collecting	War	Clothes

The next step was to remark that these three groups were characterized as suicultural, civicultural, and specicultural. Revision of the definitions now brought out the fact that the Collecting Instinct and War Instinct each had two opposite varieties; and further study brought the list to its present form.

A striking cross-classification was now for the first time remarked. Namely, (returning to the present designations) the Gambol Instinct, the Govern Instinct,

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and the Grouping Instinct are respectively the general instincts tending to personal well-being, the ordering of society, and the awakening and blossoming of ideas. The Gust-Instinct, the Ghost-Instinct, and the Garb-Instinct are Instincts of feeling tending respectively to those same ends, naïvely conceived, and tending to realize them through the instrumentality of feelings, or personal consciousness. The Getting-Instinct, the Gore-Instinct, and the Graphic Instinct are working instincts, or instincts of human reaction, tending respectively toward the same three ends, but conceived in a vulgar style, and tending to realize them through the guidance of blind impulses of human reaction. The Gentleman Instinct, the Gamic Instinct, and the Gnostic Instinct are instincts of growth, tending to the same three ends, but conceived as those ends lead each to something higher, and tending to realize them through development of mind. In so far as this cross-classification is satisfactory, in its idea and in its fulfillment and really comes as an afterthought

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it constitutes a considerable argument for the truth of the calculation. For how [do we] account for the emergence of this unlooked-for relation except by its really existing among the objects classified, and how could this relation exist among the objects classified if the enumeration were not correct? Still, one must not trust implicitly to reasoning of this sort. We shall, however, presently find ourselves in possession of another argument in favor of the truth of this classification of the instincts by finding that it leads [to] an apparently satisfactory classification of the sciences of gratification. This seems to show that it is approximately correct in all respects that are important to the classification of the sciences. To this application let us at once proceed.