24

18

We have

a
The rule of iteration and deiteration gives
us a right to

a

The rule of two cuts gives
a b

Finally, the rule of erasure and insertion gives
b

I now pass to the beta part of the
system of existential graphs. It is far
more interesting and important than the alpha part
but incomparably less so than the gamma part.

When one hears a proper name mentioned for
the first time, one generally learns of the individual
person or thing denoted by that name that it
exists. It may, of course, be identified with a subject
of force already well-known; but that will be
exceptional. It will frequently be obvious apparent that
it is a thing quite different from any hitherto